Contaminants and rules in Virginia water systems
72 different rules and contaminants appear in the past three years of violation records for Virginia's 2,832 active public water systems. The tables show how many systems each one affected and how many of those violations are still unresolved. Most entries are monitoring, reporting, or notification lapses rather than confirmed contamination.
Microbial
Bacteria and the rules that test for them. Health-based when a sample is positive.
| Rule or contaminant | Code | Virginia systems with violations, 3 yr | Share | Unresolved |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revised Total Coliform Rule (RTCR) | 8000 | 666 | 24% | 110 |
| E. coli (Escherichia coli) | 3014 | 26 | 1% | 26 |
Inorganic Chemical
Naturally occurring or from fertilizer and industry. Each has a maximum contaminant level.
| Rule or contaminant | Code | Virginia systems with violations, 3 yr | Share | Unresolved |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrate-Nitrite (Combined) | 1038 | 180 | 6% | 1 |
| Fluoride | 1025 | 19 | 1% | 2 |
| Mercury | 1035 | 16 | 1% | 0 |
| Arsenic | 1005 | 15 | 1% | 0 |
| Barium | 1010 | 15 | 1% | 0 |
| Cadmium | 1015 | 15 | 1% | 0 |
| Chromium | 1020 | 15 | 1% | 0 |
| Nickel | 1036 | 15 | 1% | 0 |
| Selenium | 1045 | 15 | 1% | 0 |
| Antimony | 1074 | 15 | 1% | 0 |
| Beryllium | 1075 | 15 | 1% | 0 |
| Thallium | 1085 | 15 | 1% | 0 |
| Cyanide | 1024 | 3 | 0% | 0 |
Disinfection Byproduct
Formed when chlorine reacts with organic matter in the water.
| Rule or contaminant | Code | Virginia systems with violations, 3 yr | Share | Unresolved |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TTHM (Total Trihalomethanes) | 2950 | 116 | 4% | 17 |
| Total Haloacetic Acids (HAA5) | 2456 | 112 | 4% | 12 |
| Stage 1 Disinfectants and DBP Rule | 0400 | 3 | 0% | 3 |
| Chlorite | 1009 | 1 | 0% | 0 |
Treatment Technique
Rules that require a process, such as corrosion control or disinfection, rather than a measured limit.
| Rule or contaminant | Code | Virginia systems with violations, 3 yr | Share | Unresolved |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chlorine (MRDL) | 0999 | 118 | 4% | 22 |
| Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) | 5000 | 51 | 2% | 49 |
| Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (LCRR) | 5200 | 27 | 1% | 27 |
| Groundwater Rule (GWR) | 0700 | 7 | 0% | 2 |
| Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule | 0300 | 2 | 0% | 0 |
Monitoring and Reporting
Administrative requirements. No direct health risk from the violation itself.
| Rule or contaminant | Code | Virginia systems with violations, 3 yr | Share | Unresolved |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Public Notification Rule | 7500 | 119 | 4% | 119 |
| Consumer Confidence Rule (CCR) | 7000 | 10 | 0% | 10 |
Volatile Organic Compound
Solvents and fuel components, usually monitored as a group, which is why the counts are similar.
| Rule or contaminant | Code | Virginia systems with violations, 3 yr | Share | Unresolved |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) | 2987 | 32 | 1% | 2 |
| 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene | 2378 | 31 | 1% | 2 |
| cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene | 2380 | 31 | 1% | 2 |
| Xylenes, Total | 2955 | 31 | 1% | 2 |
| Dichloromethane (Methylene Chloride) | 2964 | 31 | 1% | 2 |
| o-Dichlorobenzene | 2968 | 31 | 1% | 2 |
| p-Dichlorobenzene | 2969 | 31 | 1% | 2 |
| Vinyl Chloride | 2976 | 31 | 1% | 2 |
| 1,1-Dichloroethylene | 2977 | 31 | 1% | 2 |
| trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene | 2979 | 31 | 1% | 2 |
| 1,2-Dichloroethane | 2980 | 31 | 1% | 2 |
| 1,1,1-Trichloroethane | 2981 | 31 | 1% | 2 |
| Carbon Tetrachloride | 2982 | 31 | 1% | 2 |
| 1,2-Dichloropropane | 2983 | 31 | 1% | 2 |
| Trichloroethylene (TCE) | 2984 | 31 | 1% | 2 |
| 1,1,2-Trichloroethane | 2985 | 31 | 1% | 2 |
| Chlorobenzene | 2989 | 31 | 1% | 2 |
| Benzene | 2990 | 31 | 1% | 2 |
| Toluene | 2991 | 31 | 1% | 2 |
| Ethylbenzene | 2992 | 31 | 1% | 2 |
| Styrene | 2996 | 31 | 1% | 2 |
Organic Chemical
Industrial and synthetic organic chemicals with a maximum contaminant level.
| Rule or contaminant | Code | Virginia systems with violations, 3 yr | Share | Unresolved |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hexachlorocyclopentadiene | 2042 | 3 | 0% | 0 |
| Hexachlorobenzene | 2274 | 3 | 0% | 0 |
| Pentachlorophenol | 2326 | 3 | 0% | 0 |
| Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) | 2383 | 3 | 0% | 0 |
Pesticide
Pesticides and herbicides, monitored as a group.
| Rule or contaminant | Code | Virginia systems with violations, 3 yr | Share | Unresolved |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BHC-Gamma (Lindane) | 2010 | 4 | 0% | 0 |
| Endrin | 2005 | 3 | 0% | 0 |
| Methoxychlor | 2015 | 3 | 0% | 0 |
| Toxaphene | 2020 | 3 | 0% | 0 |
| Dalapon | 2031 | 3 | 0% | 0 |
| Oxamyl (Vydate) | 2036 | 3 | 0% | 0 |
| Simazine | 2037 | 3 | 0% | 0 |
| Picloram | 2040 | 3 | 0% | 0 |
| Dinoseb | 2041 | 3 | 0% | 0 |
| Carbofuran | 2046 | 3 | 0% | 0 |
| Atrazine | 2050 | 3 | 0% | 0 |
| Alachlor (Lasso) | 2051 | 3 | 0% | 0 |
| Heptachlor | 2065 | 3 | 0% | 0 |
| Heptachlor Epoxide | 2067 | 3 | 0% | 0 |
| 2,4-D | 2105 | 3 | 0% | 0 |
| 2,4,5-TP (Silvex) | 2110 | 3 | 0% | 0 |
| Chlordane | 2959 | 3 | 0% | 0 |
Radionuclide
Naturally occurring radioactive elements in groundwater.
| Rule or contaminant | Code | Virginia systems with violations, 3 yr | Share | Unresolved |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combined Radium (-226 and -228) | 4010 | 25 | 1% | 1 |
| Combined Uranium | 4006 | 24 | 1% | 0 |
| Gross Alpha, Excl. Radon and U | 4000 | 23 | 1% | 1 |
Other rules
| Rule or contaminant | Code | Virginia systems with violations, 3 yr | Share | Unresolved |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon, Total | 2920 | 6 | 0% | 1 |
About this data
A system is counted once per rule if any of its violations in the past three years involved that rule, including monitoring and reporting lapses. Unresolved means still in violation at EPA's latest data refresh. Share is of the 2,832 active Virginia systems.
Source: the U.S. EPA's Enforcement and Compliance History Online system (ECHO), which publishes the federal Safe Drinking Water Information System. EPA's terms and values are shown as published. The Virginia records are from EPA's data refresh of Oct 7, 2026; EPA refreshes this data quarterly, and states report to EPA with a lag of three to six months, so the newest violations may not appear yet. Retrieved from ECHO on Oct 11, 2026.